PICO (Clinical and Quantitative)
- Population/Patient/Problem - What is the population or characteristics?
- Intervention/Exposure - What is the intervention, exposure, prognostic factor, treatment, etc.?
- Comparison - What is the comparison?
- Outcome - What are the expected outcomes, improvements, measures, etc?
Other elements that can be added:
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What is the duration of the intervention?
What is the follow-up schedule?
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Is the question about diagnosis, treatment, prevention, prognosis, or etiology?
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- Type of Study or Study Design
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What study types might you be searching for?
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Where is your intervention of interest taking place? (e.g., school, hospital, rural, etc.)
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Where is this happening? (e.g., geographical location, service location)
What is the social or cultural context of your population?
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Variant frameworks:
- PICOC = Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Context
- PICOS = Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Study type
- PICOT = Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Time
- PICOTS = Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Timing, Setting
- PICOTT = Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Type of question, Type of study
- PIO = Population, Intervention, Outcome
https://libguides.library.cqu.edu.au/question-frameworks/pico
PEO or PIO (Qualitative)
- Population/Problem/Patient - Who or what is my question focused on?
- Exposure/Issue/Intervention - What is the issue of interest?
- Outcome - What, in relation to the issue, is being examined?
SPICE (Qualitative)
- Setting - What is the setting/context? Where?
- Population/Perspective - Who are the users, potential users, stakeholders of the particular service? For whom?
- Intervention - What is being done?
- Comparison - What else has been tried?
- Evaluation - What measurement will be used to determine the success? What is the result?
ECLIPSE (Qualitative) - Used particularly with health and social care services, management, and policy-related questions.
- Expectation - Why is the information needed?
- Client Group - Who is the focus of the research?
- Location - Where is the service taking place?
- Impact - What is the effect or change being measured?
- Professionals - Who provides the service?
- Service - What is the service, intervention, program being studied?
- Evaluation - How will the outcomes be measured?
SPIDER (Qualitative or Mixed-Methods)
- Sample – Who is engaging in the research?
- Phenomenon of Interest – What or how are we trying to understand (experiences, behaviors, decisions) of participants?
- Design - Theoretical framework (questionnaire, survey, interview, etc.)
- Evaluation - What measurement will be used to evaluate the PI?
- Research Type - Qualitative or mixed methods